The Causes Of The Revolutions History Essay

The Causes Of The Revolutions History Essay Described as the year of the avalanche, the events of 1989 proved to be some of the most surprising and cataclysmic of the twentieth century. In early 1989, few would have dared to predict the unprecedented events which were to occur. In the space of a matter of months, the communist regimes across the Eastern Bloc began to crumble as the Soviet grip on the states lessened. However, the fact that the communist regimes in Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania all fell with such quick succession can lead to the misconception that the revolutions shared the same causes. However, the conventional tendency to assess the causes of the fall of communism collectively is particularly unhelpful; this essay will argue that, despite sharing the same fundamental long-term causes, the salience of these causes, as well as a number of other short term factors, did in fact vary. In making this assertion, the essay will adopt a thematic approach, assessing a range of fact ors which contributed to the events of 1989. Whilst acknowledging that everything was interconnected, each factor will be evaluated with regard to the six East European countries previously mentioned.  [2]  Thus, economic failure, regime problems, outside influences and popular protest will all be considered. It is important to note that the factors which caused the revolutions across Eastern Europe can be divided into both long and short term factors. Crucially, economic stagnation and underdevelopment proved to be central to the revolutions which occurred Eastern Europe. After all, as noted by Brown, economic failure stimulated and consolidated societal opposition in most Eastern European countries.  [3]  This view is supported by Chirot who asserts that economic stagnation and crisis was the most visible reason for the collapse of communism.  [4]  However, it is at this point that it is necessary to distinguish between the various Eastern European countries. Chirot describes how, although not impoverished on the scale of nations, such as Ethiopia, Romania and Poland were headed in that direction, while countries, such as Czechoslovakia, Hungary and East Germany were economically failing when compared to countries in Western Europe.  [5]  However, all of the six nations stru ggled with economic inefficiency and production inadequacies and were, thus, unable to act as competitive rivals to the capitalist economies of Western Europe. Economic stagnation affected the population significantly as there was a shortage of consumer goods, while the commitment to full employment and low food prices further damaged the economies of Eastern Europe.  [6]   However, the failing economy in these countries was arguably linked to regime problems; economic decisions were taken with primary consideration for the maintenance of party rule and the current system, not what was best for the economy. As a result, decisions were largely based on political will, rather than economic necessity.  [7]  Thus, a strong case can be made to suggest that inherent problems with the regimes hindered economic progress. For instance, rather than using foreign loans to invest in new technology or improvements to infrastructure, the communist regimes in Poland and Hungary instead used foreign loans to purchase consumer goods to make people happy, [an attempt to] shore up the crumbling legitimacy of [their] regimes.  [8]  As a result, it is clear that that the economic problems which gripped Eastern Europe arguably exacerbated the problems faced by the communist regimes regarding their fundamental à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ illegitimacy.  [9]  Overall, it is cle ar that the countries of Eastern Europe all experienced varying degrees of economic difficulties and, thus, the economy acted as a contributing factor to the revolutions. However, the key word here is varying. The most severe economic problems were experienced in Bulgaria, Romania and Poland, while the state of the economy was arguably a less significant cause of the revolutions in East Germany and Czechoslovakia as they were more prosperous than their communist neighbours. Furthermore, arguably one of the most crucial long term factors which contributed to the events of 1989 were regime problems and failings. Fundamentally, a strong case can be made to support the assertion that the communist regimes lacked legitimacy and it was this which ultimately rendered revolution a certainty rather than a possibility.  [10]  Crucially, the communist regimes made a fatal error in confusing authority and legitimacy. It was the misguided belief that authority delivered legitimacy which proved ultimately disastrous.  [11]  After over four decades of communist rule, by 1989, citizens arguably began to realise that, not only did the regimes lack legitimacy, but that the authority which they had previously exerted was open to challenge. Thus, it is evident that the illegitimacy of the communist regimes in all of the Eastern European countries directly contributed to the rise in opposition towards communist rule. Moreover, a strong case can be made to support the assertion that this was underpinned by an increasing realisation that the communist party could no longer use force to maintain control. After all, what little legitimacy the regimes initially had gradually eroded over time; the years of repression, terror and misery of life à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ created a general malaise.  [12]  For instance, in East Germany, Honecker utilised repression as a tool for maintaining control; once repressive tactics had been abandoned, however, the system collapsed in a few weeks.  [13]  Therefore, this highlights how, once fear had been removed, the illegitimacy of the regimes were exposed and their future was thus limited. Significantly, however, it is possible to assert that attempts to reform and negotiate with the opposition, as occurred in Poland throughout 1989, were an attempt at re-legitimising the communist regimes in order to preserve their power. After all, there was notable success for Ja ruzelski in Poland following the total amnesty he announced in the mid-1980s. Describing the effect of this, Brown asserts that, while the regime gained ground, the opposition seemed to be in disarray.  [14]   In addition, the communist regimes across Eastern Europe faced even greater problems than their illegitimacy. Notably, communist leaders had to find a balance between what was best for their country as well as avoiding disapproval from the Soviet Union. However, this was arguably extremely different; each Soviet leader pursued different policies towards Eastern Europe, with significant contrast between the approach adopted by leaders, such as Khrushchev and Brezhnev, and leaders, such as Gorbachev, for example.  [15]  This highlights the interdependence of the factors which combined to cause the revolutions in 1989; in this sense, regime problems were also dependent upon outside influences, namely the role of the Soviet Union. What is more, elderly leaders, who were increasingly out of touch with the needs of their people, also proved problematic.  [16]  This was arguably the case for Ceausescu, the communist leader of Romania. At the time of his fall from power, Ceausescu wa s 71 years-old and had been in office for 22 years.  [17]  Thus, a logical case can be made to draw links between his age and length of tenure and his uncompromising response to opposition and inability to sense the mood of the country, resulting in a rebellion which cost him his life.  [18]  Overall, a strong case can be made to support the assertion that regime problems and failings played a key role in all of the revolutions across Eastern Europe. However, whilst all of the European states shared this fundamental long term cause of unrest, the salience of the short term factors varied greatly between countries. What is more, another factor which arguably contributed to the revolutions of 1989 can be collectively referred to as outside factors. This is a reference to the range of short term factors which were outside the control of the communist regimes, including geographical issues, the role of Gorbachev, the significance of the domino effect and also the increased awareness of life in the West. In terms of geography, it is important to consider the location of the East European countries as a strong case can be made to suggest that this had a bearing on the events of 1989. For instance, East Germany was a front-line state due to its position bordering the capitalist West Germany.  [19]  Moreover, the population was also more western, with many citizens being able to remember a time when Germany was still unified. Thus, East Germany had a stronger permeation of Western culture than many of the other countries in Eastern Europe.  [20]  What is more, as the European continent has few natural borders, it is clear that events occurring in one country are likely to have a knock-on effect in neighbouring countries. For instance, following the opening of the Hungarian border with Austria, East Germany was severely affected; the opening of the border triggered an emigration crisis, with hundreds of thousands of East Germans attempting to escape due to their demoralisation and disgust with the regime.  [21]  This proved highly damaging for the East German regime; the exposure of the illegitimacy of the regime proved fatal. Thus, this highlights not only the importance of the increased awareness of life in the West, but also the significant role played by geography in terms of exposure to images of both life in the West as well as western media. However, these factors are clearly more important in explaining the causes of the revolutions in those countries which were geographically close to West Europe than those which were closer to the Soviet Union. Moreover, the role of the domino effect was arguably crucial, acting as a catalyst and thus explaining the spread of the revolution. Whilst the effect that images from the West had on frontline states was significant, a convincing case can be made to suggest that it was in fact images of life in the Soviet Union and, later, in neighbouring states which proved to be the ultimate short-term cause of the revolutions across Eastern Europe. The effect of such images arguably served to undermine the regimes in the eyes of the dissenting minority and, crucially, also the loyal minority.  [22]  The notion that the revolutions were in some way contagious is highly significant.  [23]  After all, the fall of communism in Poland paved the way for the overthrow of the communist regimes in Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and, finally, Romania. Whilst the argument that the revolutions were contagious is somewhat oversimplifying the intricacies and distinctiveness of the circ umstances which occurred in each of the states, it is still a useful analysis as it emphasises the importance of the spread of ideas and confidence.  [24]  For instance, the successful non-violent overthrow of the communist regime in Poland arguably led to a growth of confidence throughout the Eastern Bloc as a precedent had effectively been established. The effect of such newfound confidence cannot be overestimated, with the contemporary example of the Arab Spring bearing similarities with events in Eastern Europe, for example. Thus, overall, it is clear that the domino effect played a crucial role in all of the countries following the precedent which was established in Poland. However, it is important not to overstate the role of the domino effect; had there not been numerous problems and rising discontent in the states, the revolutions would undoubtedly have been seen as isolated rather than contagious. Furthermore, an additional outside factor which arguably played a key role in the events of 1989 was the attitude and policies pursued by the Soviet leader, Gorbachev. In fact, Brown goes as far as asserting that the revolutions could not have happened without Gorbachev.  [25]  Gorbachevs policy of lessening the Soviet grip on the Eastern Bloc and effectively removing the Soviet rod which had previously reinforced the communist regimes of Eastern Europe arguably had a galvanising effect.  [26]  Not only did it bring together opposition groups and politically-minded youths, but, in Poland and Hungary in particular, it also served to stimulate reformers within the regimes themselves.  [27]  Gorbachevs policy of non-intervention arguably exposed the illegitimacy of the regimes as even their authority was now in question. This was particularly the case in countries, such as Czechoslovakia, where the communist regime did not wish to reform as, if Gorbachev was seen to be corre ct, it effectively validated the attempted rebellion in 1968. Moreover, a further result of Gorbachevs policy was that it increased the evaporation of fear amongst the population, thus explaining the rise in the number and vociferousness of public protest and opposition movements.  [28]  However, whilst Gorbachevs policy had a direct effect on those countries, such as Czechoslovakia and East Germany which had close ties to the Soviet Union, countries, such as Romania were not affected as much due to Romanias remoteness from the Soviet Union. However, despite clear variations in the importance of the role of Gorbachev in contributing to the revolutions, a convincing case can be made to support the assertion that, overall, Gorbachev played a key role. After all, previous attempts at rebellion in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968, for example, had been crushed by the Soviet Union. With this threat removed, surely it was only a matter of time before the unpopular regimes fa ced a challenge. Finally, popular protest and organised opposition was arguably the short term catalyst for the events of 1989. The long term factors previously discussed, including regime problems, economic failure and outside influences all combined, thus leading to an increase in opposition. However, despite the significance of popular protest, it is important not to overstate how widespread such protest was; regimes were undermined by the active opposition of a minority, not by the masses.  [29]  For instance, demonstrations were by no means universal, mainly attracting the younger generation who were more akin to western culture and also had less to lose than older generations. Crucially, the role played by protest and organised opposition varies between countries. In Poland, for example, organised opposition was strong in the form of the Solidarity Movement. Moreover, whilst signs of protest in Hungary initially suggest that there was visible opposition to the regime, most of the protests w hich occurred were focussed on non-regime issues, such as ecological problems, for instance.  [30]  In contrast to Poland, Chirot notes how there was little organised opposition in Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria except for seemingly isolated intellectuals [who] had no followers.  [31]  What is more, in East Germany there was only a small peace movement, but the regime had never been directly threatened, while in Romania, although there had been a riot in Brasov in 1987, intellectual protest was muted.  [32]  Thus, it is clear that popular protest played a more crucial role in contributing towards the revolutions in countries where the regimes refused to initiate reform or negotiate with opposition. Overall, it is clear that the revolutions in the countries of Eastern Europe all shared the same fundamental causes. What differed, however, was the significance of each factor, thus dispelling the conventional wisdom that a combination of popular protest and the domino effect provides for a definitive understanding of the causes of the revolutions. However, although this essay has offered a discussion of both the common causes of the revolutions as well as national differentiation, it is also important to question why 1989 was the year in which these revolutions took place. Arguably, 1989 proved to be the tipping point following the accumulation of decades of rot in the foundations of the communist system.  [33]  Ultimately, however, Gorbachev proved to be the catalyst, render[ing] the revolutions in Eastern Europe both inevitable and successful.  [34]  After all, the tinder was already there but it needed Gorbachev to light it.  [35]  

An Economic Approach To Surfing :: essays research papers fc

An Economic Approach to Surfing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The following represents a specified depiction of a typical day of surfing for me, in a manner described using economic terminology. Although there are many definitions of surfing these days, including surfing the internet, surfing departments stores, magazine surfing, etc., we will focus on the meaning of surfing as it was originally intended, defined as â€Å"The water sport of riding the surf into shore† (Webster’s New World Dictionary, p.739) Using this, I will recount a surf trip a friend and I made to the beach a few years ago, beginning and ending at my home in Valley Center California. The Events I experienced will be depicted using primarily economic concepts. What would seem like ordinary events will be portrayed using an economic microscope of interpretation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is five A.M. on a scorching Saturday morning in the summer of 1998, and I am awakened by the unpleasant sound of my alarm clock. Now you may be wondering why I am crazy enough to wake up this early on a Saturday, but for the dedicated surfer it is a necessity that one must take in order to maximize utility. Utility is defined as â€Å"A measure of the satisfaction, happiness, or benefit that results from the consumption of a good† (Arnold, p. 849). The good in this case being surfing, and in order for me to be fully satisfied, receive happiness, and benefit optimally from this good, I must awake early. By awaking at five A.M., I can prepare for surfing without other members of my family inhibiting me because they will all be asleep. Everything is quiet and peaceful, and this factor alone allows me to start my day in a sort of positive and spiritual mode.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The roads at this time in the morning are virtually empty, which enable me to arrive at the beach in approximately 20 minutes as opposed to 35 minutes during regular hours. The main concept explaining this circumstance has to do with supply and demand. At five A.M. the amount of traffic in relation to spaces available on streets and freeways is relatively small. At eight A.M. however, the amount of traffic in relation to spaces available on streets and freeways is relatively large, often causing extremely congested circumstances. Granted, my surf trip is on a Saturday, and most people have the weekend off from work, but the same economic concept applies on the weekend as it does during the week, but not as drastically.

Romeo and Juliet – Guilty Deaths

Deaths The Shakespearian play Romeo and Juliet is a well known story about star-crossed lovers whose fates end in tragedy. The deaths of these two lovers can be held responsible on two main characters, Friar Lawrence and the Nurse yet out of the two, who is more liable? Friar Lawrence is a priest who marries the two lovers, gives Juliet a fake potion to prevent her from marrying Paris, fails to send the letter to Romeo telling him about his plan and selfishly runs away from Juliet in fear that he would get into trouble for his involvement.The Nurse is Juliet’s lifelong caregiver who helps Juliet and her lover get married, becomes their â€Å"messenger† and later on in the play, changes her mind on who Juliet should be with. The physical actions and guidance of both the Friar and Nurse demonstrate their liability for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Although, it is undeniable that Friar Lawrence is more to blame than the Nurse on the deaths of Romeo and Juliet through his guidance, advice and physical actions throughout the play.In the play, Romeo and Juliet are very young and constantly seek advice and guidance of people older and supposedly wiser than them, like Friar Lawrence and the Nurse. What is unclear to them is that the advice and guidance that they receive comes with many consequences, and for Romeo and Juliet, it is death. Throughout the course of the Shakespearian play, Friar Lawrence gives the couple a lot of advice and guidance. To avoid marrying Paris, he tells Juliet to pretend to be dead with the help of a special potion he made.As part of the plan, he was supposed to inform Romeo of this arrangement yet he fails which later costs him his own life along with Juliet’s. â€Å"Come I’ll dispose of thee/ Among a sisterhood of holy nuns/ Stay not to question, for the watch is coming/ Come, go good Juliet. I dare no longer stay/† (Shakespeare 5. 3 155) demonstrates how selfish he was as he left the Capulet tomb and le t Juliet kill herself instead of attempting to help her. By letting her die alongside Romeo, he is more responsible for their deaths. The second character that holds responsibility for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet through her advice to Juliet is the Nurse.Throughout, the Nurse seems to admire Romeo. She praises him for his love for Juliet and seems to be fond of their marital union. After Atabani 2 a heated discussion between Lady Capulet, Capulet and Juliet about whether or not she should marry Paris, she changes her mind about Romeo and their marriage. She believes that because he is exiled from Verona that he should be dead to Juliet. Romeo is banished, and all the world to nothing. That he dares ne'er come back to challenge you. Or, if he do, it needs must be by stealth. Then, since the case so stands as now it doth.I think it best you married with the county. Oh, he’s a lovely gentleman. Romeo’s a dishclout to him. An eagle, madam, Hath not so green, so quick, s o fair an eye As Paris hath. Beshrew my very heart. I think you are happy in this second match. For it excels your first. Or if it did not. Your first is dead, or ’twere as good he were. As living here and you no use of him (3. 5 88) All through the play, it is clear that the Nurse is a very mother like character to Juliet therefore when she gave Juliet advice on who to marry, the Nurse was attempting to advocate bigamy.This upsets Juliet and because of the advice the Nurse gives her, she goes to Friar Lawrence in seek of a remedy for her aching heart. Although both the Nurse and Friar Lawrence may have seemed to have good intentions in giving advice to Romeo and Juliet about their star-crossed love, the Friar’s words of advice makes him more accountable for their deaths. In Romeo and Juliet, the fulfillment of certain actions leads to the play's tragic ending, death. In the play Friar Lawrence is one of the characters whom commits physical acts that makes him responsi ble for the deaths of the lovers.Firstly, he marries the two lovers in a secret ceremony with only the Nurse attending. By performing their marriage, he defies their fates and bonds them as star-crossed lovers, which leads to their devastating deaths. After, the Friar’s realization of their forbidden love he states â€Å"In one respect I’ll thy assistant be/ For this alliance may so happy prove/ To turn your households rancor to pure love† (2. 3 46). He marries them against Atabani 3their families in hopes that he may end the feud that divides the Capulets and the Montagues.By creating a marital union between the Juliet and Romeo, the Friar creates more hatred between the families that builds up to the conclusion. By marrying them, the Friar makes himself more accountable for the suicides of Romeo and Juliet. The second character who is physically liable for the deaths of the star – crossed lovers is the Nurse. After the Prince exiles Romeo to Mantua for murdering Tybalt, the Nurse plays a â€Å"messenger† role, in which she continuously goes back and forth between the two lovers. She helps them be Atabani 3 ogether even though she knows that both the Capulets and Montagues would disapprove. The Nurse would also constantly bring news from Romeo to Juliet about their blooming love and later, their marriage. Now, afore God, I am so vexed that every part about me quivers. Scurvy knave! Pray you, sir, a word And as I told you my young lady bid me inquire you out. What she bade me say, I will keep to myself. But first let me tell ye, if ye should lead her into a fool’s paradise as they say, it were a very gross kind of behavior, as they say.For the gentlewoman is young, and therefore, if you should deal double with her, truly it were an ill thing to be offered to any gentlewoman and very weak dealing (2. 4 53) are the words of The Nurse while she is explaining to Romeo about her role as a messenger between both Juliet and R omeo. If the Nurse had considered what would happen to this couple, she may not have wanted to become their messenger and risk their lives like she did. As a result of both the Friar and the Nurse’s involvement physically they can both be held accountable for the deaths of the lovers, yet it is evident that Friar Lawrence can be considered more responsible.Through his guidance, advice and physical actions throughout the play, it is undeniable that Friar Lawrence is more to blame than the Nurse on the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. The Shakespearian play Romeo and Juliet written in 1590 explores many different themes including fate, love and death. The deaths of the protagonists Romeo and Juliet can be blamed on the physical actions, guidance and advice of both the Friar and Nurse. This later demonstrates who is more responsible for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet.The Nurse’s actions, advice and assistance includes helping the lovers get their marriage, becoming their †Å"messenger† and later on in the play and changing her overall idea about the marriage between Juliet and Romeo. The actions, guidance and advice that Friar Lawrence administrates to both Romeo and Juliet include marrying the two lovers, giving Juliet the potion, failing to send the letter to Romeo in time and selfishly running away from Juliet in fear that he would get into trouble for his involvement make him more responsible than the Nurse.

Emily and Calixtas Destructive behavior

Emily and Calixtas Destructive behavior Free Online Research Papers Emily Grierson is an unstable women who becomes isolated after the death of her father. Her father was the only love she ever experienced, only because her father did not allow her to experience the joys of doing things on her own nor the feelings of love and friendship. She lives a life void of love and affection. During this time Emily falls in love with Homer Barron. As she experiences love for the first time in her life, Miss Grierson’s relationship with homer becomes ill and short lived. Emily Grierson’s relationship with Homer Barron is a very unhealthy, destructive relationship. Homer is Emily’s first love and she wants to marry him but soon realizes he does not want to marry her. She is unable to cope with losing another man in her life and decides to take fate into her own hands. Emily decides to poison homer with arsenic, after doing so she keeps his body and continues to act as if he is still alive. Emily continues to sleep next to homer every night as indicated by the grey hairs found on the pillow next to homer’s remains. Emily’s perception of reality is clearly distorted when it comes to men as is her ability to allow change to occur in her life. Calixta is a mother, a wife and homemaker. She is beautiful with blue eyes and yellow hair an all around idea of a perfect women. Calixta sews, cooks, and she looks after the well being of her family quite well. She’s been married to Bobinot for five years and seems very happy with the life she lives. She has an affair with a man named Alcee Laballiere, this relationship is not as destructive as Emily’s because Calixta is not in love with Alcee and is already married. The affair is short lived, only occurring once and is unknown to everyone else. It was one night and one mistake neither was in love or emotionally involved as Emily was with Homer. There are many differences between Emily and Calixta. Differences between these two women include their background and lifestyle, Emily Grierson grew up with only the love of her father while Calaxta was free to date and love whom ever she desired. Also Emily does not commit adultery as Calaxta does. Emily does not have children to take care of and does not keep up well with herself or the house in which she lives. Calixta on the other hand has a child and a husband and takes care of the house the cooking and sewing. The main difference between Emily and Calixta is that Emily’s relationship with Homer Barron is very destructive in that she becomes ill over him and kills him, not to mention Emily is in love with a man that does not love her back. Calixta’s relationship with Alcee is not destructive because she is not in love with him nor is he in love with her. Research Papers on Emily and Calixta's Destructive behaviorComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Fifth HorsemanEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital Punishment

An Ethical Review Example

An Ethical Review Example An Ethical Review – Coursework Example An Ethical Review al Affiliation Elbogen & Johnson (2009) carried out a research to determine the relationship between mental illness and violence in different settings. In order to meet the objectives of the study, the researchers used longitudinal data from a sample population in the United States of America. Some of the conditions that were considered as mental illnesses included schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. The study utilized a sample population of 43653 people. From the data collected, it was concluded that there was no directs relationship been mental illness and violent behavior.If I were to work with the population that was used in Elbogen & Johnson (2009), I would prepare myself for the study by doing a background study on the sample population. By doing a background check, I will be able to understand the characteristics associated with the members of this particular sample group. Moreover, the background study helps in determining the various ethical iss ues which may arise in the course of the study (Kimmel, 2009). In the study conducted by Elbogen & Johnson (2009), there was no deception used since the data was collected from people who were willing take part in the study. The analysis and discussion were also done on the basis of the collected data. The use of any form of deception would have compromised the validity of the findings. If the study was to be conducted again, the participants can be protected by fully making them aware of the objectives of the research and ensuring that their responses are kept private. One major ethical issue that normally arises in the cause of a study is the privacy of the data collected. Some participants do not give valid and honest responses out of the fear that the information may end up in the wrong hands. By assuring them about their privacy, this issue can be effectively handled (Kimmel, 2009).ReferencesElbogen, E. B, Johnson, S.C. (2009). The intricate link between violence and mental dis order: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 66(2), 152-161.Kimmel, A. (2009). Ethical Issues in Behavioral Research: Basic and Applied Perspectives. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.

Drawing on the literature, critically discuss the positive and Essay

Drawing on the literature, critically discuss the positive and negative factors that may directly or indirectly influence services workers job performance - Essay Example This is because; the potential buyers formulate their own perceptions regarding the organization and its service quality on grounds of its staff efficiency and service performance (Brown, et al., 2002). This research paper aims to critically analyze the positive and negative impacts of service worker’s job performance. It is highly rational to conduct this critical analysis because it aims to estimate the factors that might both directly and indirectly influence the quality of working within a service providing organization. In this era of â€Å"consumerism†, the firms aim to maximize utility of its potential buyers and hence their business revenue. However, it should be noted that customers satisfaction derived from the products or services of an organization considerably depends on the quality of services provided by the employees of the company. Thus, from the analysis and implications of this essay, managerial authorities of different companies can eradicate the pot ential problems faced by them in human resource management and hence improve the quality of their working in long run (Brown, et al., 2002). Economists treat labour resource of an organization as a type of capital. This is because a worker earns money with the help of acquired education, work experience and knowledge. Originally human capital was perceived to be a microeconomic concept but over time its implications are also linked up with the field of macroeconomics. Lucas introduced the â€Å"New Growth Theory† of economics and claimed that human capital productivity and economic growth is directly proportional to each other (Brown, et al., 2002). A rise in the efficiency level of human capital helps to augment economic surplus procured by the profit making firms within a country and finally leads to growth of its national domestic productivity level. Researchers have stated that quality of schooling, educational level of parents, before and on-the-job training significantly influences the

U.S. criminal justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

U.S. criminal justice - Essay Example The objectives of the criminal justice system ensure safety of the society through justice for individual, personal liberty and the right to due process.All these objectives make it absolutely certain that rule of law prevail and justice is served. The 17,500 law enforcement agencies of the country are trying very hard to achieve these objectives (Hudzik, J. 2010).The extent to which the United States criminal justice system has achieved these goals. It has been successful in securing the rights of the individuals. United States of America is considered a just society all over the world because of its justice system however there are many improvements that can be made to better beef up the process of criminal justice. But at the same it is important to understand what individuals demand from the criminal justice system and how these demands are fulfilled. Goals of individuals include social justice, equality before law, protection of society and freedom for fear. All these goals safe guard the interest of the individuals. The extent to which these goals are covered by U.S. criminal justice system is difficult to say because some of these goals are of conflicting nature but at the same time we cannot dismiss the criminal justice system of the country. United States criminal justice system is doing a very good job in allowing personal liberty and the right to due process. All these goals are being achieved and one can say this because all the procedures are followed and there are less loop holes in the system. The 4th, 5th, 6th and 8th amendments secure personal rights and liberties, and protect citizens from unreasonable searches (Howard, J. 2009). There are still roam for injustices but United States criminal justice system is going in the right direction in fulfilling its goal. Prejudice is an element that cannot be ignored and that restrains the objectivity of the criminal justice system. This has been seen in the case of minorities because minorities do not g et proportional representation in courts and that affects the criminal justice system (Santiago, C. 2011). This is another way in which the goal of individual justice is not fully achieved by the criminal justice system. The goal of human dignity is sometimes not fully achieved under the criminal justice system of the country. The reason being that maximum protection prison face mistreatment and also the criminals convicted of hideous crimes like child abuse or serial killing face treatment that is not fit for human (Sociology of Criminal Justice, 2010). Human dignity is important for even the cruelest of criminals but it is hard to attain this goal given that the emotions of guards and other prison officers also come into play. This is one grey area where attention is needed. There are both conflicts and similarities between the goals of the criminal justice system and the goals of the individual. The criminal justice system cares about individuals so that no one is wrongfully conv icted. This is especially important to ensure that everyone gets a fair chance to trail and all the rights of the individuals are safeguarded. Personal liberty is one of the goals of criminal justice system that conflicts with the goal of the individual for protection of society. Society may need protection more than ever in this age of terrorism. Getting warrants from the proper authorities might take long and that can allow the terrorists to come into action and as a result valuable lives are put to risk. The security risk in United States is so much that people protested on the trial of 9/11 attacks that were being held in Newburg (Livingston, B. 2010). This shows the conflict between goals of individual and goal of criminal justice. Justice for individual is another goal criminal justice system that clashes with the idea of social justice in some ways. When a murderer is